Firms in a competitive industry have freedom to enter
or exit. With the presence of Super Normal profits, outside firms
start entering the industry. If, however, some firms are suffering Sub
Normal profits or losses, they will not take the decision to withdraw
from the market immediately in the short run. They will prefer to wait
and find out whether market conditions improve to their advantage. If
they continue to make losses even in the long run the firms will have
ultimately to leave the industry. This decision is governed by the
behavior of the firm’s Average Variable Cost curve (AVC). So
long as market price is above AVC the firm will cover all its variable
costs and the same fixed costs as well. If the price falls below AVC
the firm will have to close down and to stop productive activity. This
is because variable cost is current expenditure which a firm must expect
to cover at market price. If it is unable to cover fixed costs the
firm can wait and hope to cover them in the long run.
In Figure 37 when price is as high as P the firm
makes normal profits. If the price falls to P1
then the firm still covers all its variable costs plus part of the
fixed costs. If the price further falls to P2
the firm cannot cover even its variable costs. It is then advisable
that the firm should close down. Therefore Shutdown point for a
firm is one where price is just equal to its Average Variable Cost
or below AVC.
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