(A) MPP and MRP: Just as demand and supply forces together determine prices and quantities of goods exchanged in the product market similar rules operate in the factor market. If the labor market is assumed to be competitive then the rate
of wages will be fixed and uniform. At such a competitive wage rate a
firm has to decide how many workers it can profitably employ. In other
words, a firm has
to determine its own demand for labor. The productive contribution of
an additional or marginal worker governs such a demand for labor since
labor is a productive service. A firm is guided in this respect by the marginal productivity rule. The most important principle determining demand for labor is called Marginal Productivity Theory.
It attempts to relate marginal contribution to the output produced and
the rate of wages required to be paid to the marginal worker. Wages
are paid in cash or money units while the product is measured in physical units. To make the comparison convenient Marginal Physical Product (MPP) is converted into Marginal Revenue Product (MRP).
For this purpose, MRP is multiplied by the marginal revenue earned by a
firm in the curve. If a firm is operating under a competitive product
market then the price or the average revenue and marginal revenue values
are identical. MRP is Price ´ MPP under competition. This same value is MR ´ MPP under imperfect markets.
MRP = MPP ´ Price ® Competition
MRP = MPP ´ MR ® Monopoly, Oligopoly etc.
(B) A Firm’s Demand Curve: Let us begin with
the simple case of a competitive market. There is competition both in
the labor market and the product market. Price of the product is
assumed to be $5. The firm has to determine its demand under the
following productivity conditions:
No. of workers Employed | Total Physical Product | Marginal Physical Product |
Marginal
Revenue Product
(MPP $5) |
1 | 5 | 5 | 25 |
2 | 12 | 7 | 35 |
3 | 18 | 6 | 30 |
4 | 22 | 4 | 20 |
5 | 25 | 3 | 15 |
In the example, the number of workers employed
increases progressively from 1 to 5. With more workers employed total
output continuously increases from 5 to 12…to 25 units. Marginal
product initially rises from 5 to 7 (12-5=7) but subsequently falls from
7 to 6, 4, and then 3. Under competitive product market MRP or money
value of the MPP at a fixed price of $5 will be 25, 35, 30, 20 and 15.
The firm will decide how many workers need to be employed depending on
the present market rate of wages. If the rate of wages is as high as
$35 per worker, the firm can employ only two workers. With the wage
rate as low as $15 the firm can employ five workers. If we assume that
the actual competitive labor market wage rate is $20 the firm can employ
4 workers and remain in equilibrium. At this wage rate the demand and
supply forces have been equated.
In Figure 52, we have MRP, the demand curve for
labor. This is the downward sloping curve showing a progressive fall in
the productivity of labor. It enables the firm to employ more workers
only at a lower wage rate. The labor market is competitive and $20 is
the fixed uniform rate of wages. At this wage rate any number of
workers will offer services. Therefore the labor supply curve is
perfectly flexible. It is represented by the horizontal straight line
WS (AW = MW) curve. The rate of wages as a price of labor is equal to
both the average wage and the marginal wage per worker. The demand and
supply curves intersect at the point of equilibrium e. At this point a firm employs N = 4 workers and pays W = $20 as wages. This is a profitable situation for the firm.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar
Terima Kasih